In the south of Portugal, especially in the Algarve and Alentejo regions, intense sun exposure is a reality that significantly increases the risk of skin cancer (skin cancer).
Skin neoplasms, such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma, are among the most common forms of cancer, largely resulting from prolonged and repeated exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Let's take advantage of this article to stay informed.
Main Types of Skin Cancer
We must understand that there are three main types of skin cancer that must be highlighted:
1. Basal Cell Carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type of skin cancer, representing approximately 65% of cases.
Although it is considered the least aggressive, it can cause significant local damage if not treated in time.
It mainly develops in areas of skin that are chronically exposed to the sun, such as the face.
It often appears as a pink nodule with shiny edges and a pearly appearance. More advanced lesions can ulcerate and invade deeper tissues, especially in areas such as the nose and ears.
2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma, which constitutes around 25% of cases, is more aggressive compared to basal cell carcinoma and is also more likely to metastasize.
It typically appears on areas of skin frequently exposed to the sun, and can appear as a persistent scale or a wound that does not heal, later evolving into a hard nodule that can ulcerate.
This type of cancer requires early and appropriate treatment to prevent progression.
3. Melanoma
Melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer, although it is less common, accounting for around 7% of cases.
It can arise from pre-existing atypical nevi (moles) or as a new lesion, which is often very dark or pink in color.
Melanoma is known for its rapid growth and ability to metastasize to other parts of the body, which makes its early detection crucial.
It is important to note that the cure rate is 95% when diagnosed and treated in the early stages, which highlights the significant importance of its rapid detection.
Although not part of the established oncological disease typologies, it is equally important to mention actinic keratosis. Actinic keratosis, often referred to as solar keratosis, is the most common precancerous lesion and can progress to squamous cell carcinoma in 10-15% of cases if left untreated.
It manifests as a rough patch or scale, often found on areas of the skin that have been repeatedly exposed to the sun.
Timely treatment of these lesions is essential to prevent progression to an oncological stage of the disease.
Risk Factors and Prevention
The literature refers to factors that increase the risk of developing skin cancer as excessive exposure to the sun, a history of sunburn, fair skin, the presence of numerous nevi, a family history of skin cancer, and the use of solariums.
Note that those of us who spend a lot of time outdoors, such as agricultural workers or athletes, are at particularly high risk, and therefore prevention practices become even more relevant.
To prevent skin cancer, the Portuguese Skin Cancer Association recommends the adoption of measures such as:
• Use of Sunscreen: Use broad-spectrum sunscreen (UVA and UVB) with a high protection factor (SPF 30 or higher), 30 minutes before sun exposure, and reapply every two hours, especially after swimming or perspiring.
• Physical Protection: Wear protective clothing, wide-brimmed hats and sunglasses with UV protection. Clothing labeled UV-SPF 50+ is recommended, especially for children.
• Avoid Direct Sun Exposure: Seek shade whenever possible and avoid sun exposure during peak hours (11am to 16pm).
• Regular self-examination: Observe your skin at least every two months, looking for changes in signs and blemishes that may indicate skin disease. In medical education they refer to the ABCDE method, which I share with everyone.
A for Asymmetry: Is the identified lesion asymmetrical?
B de Bordo: And your edging is irregular?
C for Color: Are there several colors in the same lesion?
D for Size: Does the lesion have a diameter greater than 5 mm?
And Evolution: Have you noticed any evolution in the appearance of the injury over time?
If you answered 'Yes' to any of these questions, contact your GP or Dermatologist.
The community in the south of Portugal, due to high sun exposure, must adopt a rigorous preventive approach to protect the skin, as well as having the practice of regular self-examination.
With adequate sun protection and surveillance practices, it is possible to significantly reduce the risk of developing skin cancer, ensuring a healthier and safer life.
Let us enjoy the sun in moderation, taking care of our health and that of those we love.
Author Tiago Cunha Reis, PhD, is a university professor, holds a PhD in Bioengineering and is a medical student
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